A 2-year-old child who weighs 15 kg, undergoes laceration repair of the right index finger in the operating room. The resident does a digital nerve block using 2% lidocaine with epinephrine (1:100,000) and uses 1 ml/side. In the PACU, the anesthesiologists noticed the right index finger appeared pale and less perfused. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this finding?