A 16‐year‐old patient undergoing an open laparotomy had a T12 epidural placed under standard sterile technique. Because the “loss‐of‐resistance” was not crisp and the resident expressed doubt about catheter placement. In addition to the usual epidural test dose of epinephrine, which of the following published methods can help confirm correct epidural catheter placement in pediatric patients?


Options:

A. Epidural Pressure Waveform Analysis

B. Electrical Stimulation (Tsui Test)

C. Fluoroscopic Guidance with Contrast Injection (Epidurography)

D. Ultrasound Confirmation

E. pH Testing of Aspirated Fluid

F. Combined Spinal-Epidural (CSE) Technique